What is drug induced Phospholipidosis?
Abstract. Drug-induced phospholipidosis is characterized by intracellular accumulation of phospholipids with lamellar bodies, most likely from an impaired phospholipid metabolism of the lysosome. Organs affected by phospholipidosis exhibit inflammatory reactions and histopathological changes.
What causes phospholipidosis?
Mechanistically, phospholipidosis is caused by cationic amphipathic molecules binding to cellular phospholipids and inhibiting complete digestion by lysosomal phospholipase A1, A2, or C within lysosomes, although, less often, direct inhibition of phospholipase can occur, as in the case of gentamicin.
What cationic amphiphilic?
Cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) are a wide group of chemicals that are characterized by common structural features, that is, a hydrophobic aromatic ring or ring system and a hydrophilic side-chain containing an ionizable amine functional group.
Are fatty acids amphiphilic?
Fatty acids are thus amphipathic – the carboxylic acid is ionized at physiological pH (making it a negatively-charged carboxylate group) and interacts well with a polar solvent (the carboxylate group is hydrophilic, or water-loving), while the hydrocarbon chain is quite nonpolar, and contributes a hydrophobic effect.
What are amphiphilic drugs?
Amphiphilic drugs are molecular drugs or drug conjugates possessing both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties. Representative amphiphilic drugs are composed of a pharmaceutical payload, a linker, and an appropriate amphiphilic modification.
What is amphiphilic surfactant?
Surfactants. Surfactants, amphiphilic compounds that contain hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups, reduce the surface tension between two liquids and the interfacial tension between a liquid and a solid.
Why are amphiphilic molecules important?
Amphipathic molecules serve several important biological roles. They are the primary component of the lipid bilayers that form membranes. Sometimes there is a need to alter or disrupt a membrane.
What is an amphiphilic molecule attracted to?
Lipids (oils and fats) are known as amphipathic molecules and are characterized by having one side that attracts water and another one that repels it.
What are amphiphilic substances?
Amphiphilic molecules is a general term that describes any compound that contains two distinct covalently bonded components with different affinity for the solvent in the same molecule, in which one part possesses a high affinity for polar solvents (such as water), and another part has a strong affinity for nonpolar …
What does amphiphilic mean in biology?
Definition of amphiphilic : of, relating to, or being a compound (such as a surfactant) consisting of molecules having a polar water-soluble group attached to a water-insoluble hydrocarbon chain also : being a molecule of such a compound.
What are amphipathic substances?
Amphipathic is a word used to describe a chemical compound containing both polar (water-soluble) and nonpolar (not water-soluble) portions in its structure. It may also relate to a chemical compound having both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions.
What is phospholipidosis (pl)?
Phospholipidosis (PL) is a phospholipid storage disorder, resulting in excessive accumulation of phospholipids in lysosomes of various tissue types [199, 200]. There is a general agreement that inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase A1, A2 and/or C contributes to the accumulation of cationic amphiphilic drug (CADs)–phospholipid complexes.
What is phospholipidosis and is it reversible?
Phospholipidosis is an excessive intracellular accumulation of phospholipids and drug, which is normally reversible after discontinuation of drug treatment.
Do special stains for phospholipids confirm cytoplasmic activity?
Special stains for phospholipids, such as Baker’s, have not proved useful in light microscopic confirmation of this process. In toluidine blue-stained plastic sections, however, cytoplasmic bodies are readily apparent by light microscopy.